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Nano-Bioremediation: An Innovative Approach for Remedying Heavy Metals using Fungi

Insha Amin, Ruqeya Nazir, Mushtaq A Rather

Increasing attention has been received by almost all the toxic heavy metals worldwide as they have caused massive environmental pollution. If living organisms remain exposed to these metals for long time, they can have deleterious health impact on them. However, microbes perform a critical part in the bio-transformation of toxic metals in some less hazardous forms. An insight into the mechanism of metal build-up at molecular level has enormous biotechnological implications for remedifying metal-contaminated sites. Fungi are considered to have an enormous prospect for metal bioleaching and are extensively utilized as the most potential and capable group for the metal resistance. Fungi are recognized to defy and detox metals by numerous mechanisms, by virtue of this property these are a drive to future appliance for metal remediation from soil, and thus bioremediation is measured as a budding technology. One of the approaches that revealed huge potential is established on the biological synthesis of nanoparticles utilizing micro-organisms such as fungi. It is assumed that they cause decline of these metal ions which occurs through enzymatic route, thus create the prospect of establishing a rational fungal-based approach for nanomaterials synthesis with different chemical compositions, which at present is not possible by any other method. Thus, time demands to use such innovative remediation techniques for sustainable environment. The main objective of this review was to analyse the technique of bioremediation as well as nanobioremediation of heavy metals utilizing fungi. Besides, we have also summarized the role of myco-synthesized nanoparticles in different bioprospective applications.