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Exploring the Role of Protein Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: Preclinical and Clinical Highlights

Khadga Raj, Riya Dogra, Vir Vikram and Shamsher Singh

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a sudden damages to the brain that pose a major public health problem related to morbidity and mortality. The recent epidemiology estimation has crossed over 3 million including military personnel and athletes. Though, the pathology of TBI is wide and not well-known and has been linked to calcium influx, glutamate accumulation, abnormal Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) expression, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and neuro-inflammation as well as axonal injury. The axonal injury is a key driver of pathological process following TBI. The studies have reported that the neuro-inflammation after TBI is because of activation of cAMP-PKA inflammatory signalling pathways in neuronal cells damaging CNS. The body fluids like serum, CSF and saliva biomarkers are used to asses axonal injury. Biomarkers are essential diagnostic and prognostic tools plays important role in neurological disorders including TBI. The various substances such as S100-β, tau protein, substances P, BDNF and cystatins D are potential biomarkers targeted in various researches. S100-β protein concentration detection to the preliminary judgment of brain injury, significant rise in the levels of CSF tau protein indicates possible axonal injury. Cystatins D can be novel early biomarkers of TBI. So, in this review the role of different biomarkers of TBI shows the mechanism relationship with clinical outcomes with both clinical as well as preclinical studies.